AP Charts & Analysis: Formerly dshort
Charting economic and market trends
Zillow Home Value Index: "Real" Home Values Hit Lowest Level Since May 2021

by Jennifer Nash, 3/20/25
In February, home values rose for the 23rd consecutive month, reaching a new all-time high, according to the Zillow Home Value Index. However, after adjusting for inflation, real home values declined for the 10th straight month, hitting their lowest level since May 2021.
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The Fed's Financial Accounts: What Are Uncle Sam's Largest Assets?

by Jennifer Nash, 3/20/25
When we think of the U.S. government's finances, we often focus on the massive debt. But what about the assets? What does Uncle Sam actually own, and which asset is the largest?
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Existing Home Sales Rebound 4.2% in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/20/25
Existing home sales rebounded in February with their largest monthly increase in a year. According to the National Association of Realtors (NAR), existing home sales rose 4.2% from January, reaching a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 4.26 million units in February.
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Philly Fed Manufacturing Index: Activity Continued to Expand in March

by Jennifer Nash, 3/20/25
The latest Philadelphia Fed manufacturing index showed continued expansion though activity declined. In March, the index fell to 12.5 from 18.1 in February, the second consecutive monthly drop. The latest reading was higher than the forecast of 8.8.
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Unemployment Claims Up 2K, Lower Than Expected

by Jennifer Nash, 3/20/25
In the week ending March 15th, initial jobless claims were at a seasonally adjusted level of 223,000. This represents an increase of 2,000 from the previous week's figure. The latest reading was lower than the 224,000 forecast.
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Fed’s Interest Rate Decision: March 19, 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/19/25
The Federal Reserve concluded its second meeting of the year by keeping the federal funds rate (FFR) at 4.25-4.50%, as expected.
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Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin Hovers Near $83K

by Jennifer Nash, 3/19/25
Bitcoin's closing price hovered around $83,000 this week. BTC is down ~12% year to date and ~22% below its record high.
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The Big Four Recession Indicators

by Jennifer Nash, 3/18/25
Official recession calls are the responsibility of the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee, which is understandably vague about the specific indicators on which they base their decisions. There is, however, a general belief that there are four big indicators that the committee weighs heavily in their cycle identification process.
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Gasoline Prices Down for Fourth Straight Week

by Jennifer Nash, 3/18/25
Gas prices were down for a fourth straight week, hitting their lowest level in two months. As of March 17th, the price of regular and premium gas were down 1 and 2 cents from the previous week, respectively. The WTIC end-of-day spot price for crude oil closed at $67.373, up 2.0% from last week.
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Margin Debt Falls for First Time in Six Months in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/18/25
FINRA has released new data for margin debt, now available through February. The latest debt level is at $918.144 billion, just below its record high from January. Margin debt was down 2.0% month-over-month (MoM) and up 23.6% year-over-year (YoY). However, after adjusting for inflation, the debt level was down 2.5% MoM and up 20.2% YoY.
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The Big Four Recession Indicators: Industrial Production Hits Record High in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/18/25
Industrial production jumped 0.75% in February to a new record high, surpassing the expected 0.2% increase. Compared to one year ago, industrial production is up 1.4%.
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Building Permits Fall 1.2% in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/18/25
In the latest report by the Census Bureau, building permits fell for a third straight month to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.456 million in February. This marks a 1.2% decrease from January and a 6.9% decline compared to one year ago.
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Housing Starts Jump 11.2% in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/18/25
In the latest report by the Census Bureau, housing starts jumped to a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 1.501 million in February. This marks an 11.2% increase from January but a 2.9% decline compared to one year ago.
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World Markets Watchlist: March 17, 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/17/25
Five of the nine indexes on our world watch list have posted gains through March 17, 2025. Hong Kong's Hang Seng is in the top spot with a year to date gain of 23.05%. Germany's DAXK is in second with a year to date gain of 15.29% while France's CAC 40 is in third with a year to date gain of 9.20%.
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The Big Four Recession Indicators: Real Retail Sales Flat in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/17/25
Nominal retail sales in February were up 0.20% month-over-month (MoM) and 3.11% year-over-year (YoY). However, after adjusting for inflation, real retail sales were down 0.02% MoM and up 0.38% YoY.
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NAHB Housing Market Index: Uncertainty Drags Builder Confidence to 7-Month Low

by Jennifer Nash, 3/17/25
Builder confidence fell for a second straight month as economic uncertainty, tariff threats, and elevated construction costs continue to weigh on sentiment. The National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) Housing Market Index (HMI) dropped to 39 this month, down 3 points from February and the lowest level since August. The latest reading was below the 42 forecast.
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Empire State Manufacturing Survey: Activity Dropped Significantly in March

by Jennifer Nash, 3/17/25
Manufacturing activity dropped significantly in New York State, according to the Empire State Manufacturing March survey. The diffusion index for General Business Conditions fell 25.7 points to -20.0, the lowest level since January 2024. The latest reading was worse than the forecast of -1.9.
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RecessionAlert Weekly Leading Economic Index

by Jennifer Nash, 3/17/25
The weekly leading economic index (WLEI) is a composite for the U.S economy that draws from over 20 time-series and groups them into the following six broad categories which are then used to construct an equally weighted average. As of March 7th, the index was at 14.416, down 3.785 from the previous week, with 5 of the 6 components in expansion territory.
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Retail Sales Rise 0.2% in February, Weaker Than Expected

by Jennifer Nash, 3/17/25
The Census Bureau's Advance Retail Sales Report for February showed a moderate rebound last month, with headline sales rising 0.2%. Meanwhile, January's figure was revised downward to a 1.2% loss. The latest data came in weaker than the anticipated 0.6% growth in consumer spending.
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S&P 500 Snapshot: Volatile Week Ends With Best Day of 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/14/25
The S&P 500 finished off a volatile week with its best day of the year, gaining 2.1% on Friday. However, the index finished the week in the red for the fourth consecutive week, its longest streak in eight months.
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Treasury Yields Snapshot: March 14, 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/14/25
The yield on the 10-year note ended March 14, 2025 at 4.31%. Meanwhile, the 2-year note ended at 4.02% and the 30-year note ended at 4.62%.
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Consumer Sentiment Sinks to Lowest Level Since 2022

by Jennifer Nash, 3/14/25
The Michigan Consumer Sentiment Index declined further this month, indicating growing pessimism among consumers. In March, the index plummeted to 57.9, the lowest level since November 2022. This represents a 10.5% (6.8 points) drop from the previous month, falling short of the anticipated 63.1.
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Household Net Worth Q4 2024: The "Real" Story

by Jennifer Nash, 3/14/25
As of Q4 2024, the latest Fed balance sheet indicates that household net worth has risen 186% since reaching its 2009 low. However, when adjusted for inflation, household net worth has actually increased by only 93% since the 2009 trough.
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Baby Boomer Employment Through the Decades

by Jennifer Nash, 3/13/25
The 20th century Baby Boom was one of the most powerful demographic events in the history of the United States. We've created a series of charts to show seven age cohorts of the employed population from 1948 to the present.
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Employment Trends for the 50+ Workforce: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/13/25
Today, one in three of the 65-69 cohort, one in five of the 70-74 cohort, and nearly one in ten of the 75+ cohort are in the labor force.
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Long-Term Employment Trends by Age and Gender: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/13/25
The labor force participation rate (LFPR) is a simple computation: You take the civilian labor force (people aged 16 and over employed or seeking employment) and divide it by the civilian non-institutional population (those 16 and over not in the military and or committed to an institution). As of February, the labor force participation rate is at 62.4%, down from 62.6% the previous month and the lowest level since January 2023.
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U.S. Workforce Recovery Analysis: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/13/25
Our monthly workforce recovery analysis has been updated to include the latest employment report for February. The unemployment rate inched up to 4.1%. Additionally, the number of new non-farm jobs (a relatively volatile number subject to extensive revisions) came in at 151,000.
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Producer Price Index: Wholesale Inflation Eased Significantly in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/13/25
Wholesale inflation eased significantly in February, slowing more than expected. The producer price index for final demand was flat month-over-month, down from 0.6% in January and lower than the 0.3% forecast. On an annual basis, headline PPI increased 3.2%, down from 3.7% in January and below the 3.3% forecast.
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Inflation Since 1872: A Long-Term Look at the CPI

by Jennifer Nash, 3/12/25
The Consumer Price Index for Urban Consumers (CPI-U) release for February puts the year-over-year inflation rate at 2.82%. The latest reading keeps inflation below the 3.73% average since the end of the Second World War. Additionally, inflation now sits below the 10-year moving average which is now at 2.93%.
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Inside the Consumer Price Index: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/12/25
Inflation affects everything from grocery bills to rent, making the Consumer Price Index (CPI) one of the most closely watched economic indicators. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) tracks this by categorizing spending into eight categories, each weighted by its relative importance.
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Consumer Price Index: Inflation Cools to 2.8% in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/12/25
Inflation cooled for the first time in five months in February. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the headline figure for the Consumer Price Index was at 2.8% year-over-year, lower than the expected 2.9% growth. Core CPI also came in lower than expected, cooling to 3.1% year-over-year.
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Emerging Markets Watchlist: March 10, 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/11/25
Six of the nine indexes on our emerging markets watch list have posted gains through March 10, 2025. Russia's MOEX is in the top spot with a year to date gain of 11.1%. Chile's IPSA is in second with a year to date gain of 10.1% while South Korea's KOSPI is in third with a year to date gain of 8.84%.
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Job Openings Rise More Than Expected in January

by Jennifer Nash, 3/11/25
The latest Job Openings and Labor Turnover Survey (JOLTS) report showed that job openings rose more than expected in January, while hiring and quits also edged higher. Vacancies increased to 7.740 million, up from December's downwardly revised 7.508 million. The January figure came in above the expected 7.650 million.
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NFIB Small Business Survey: Uncertainty is High and Rising

by Jennifer Nash, 3/11/25
The NFIB Small Business Optimism Index dropped for a second straight month, falling to 100.7 in February. While optimism among small business owners moderated last month, uncertainty spiked to its second highest reading of all time.
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Multiple Jobholders Account for 5.5% of Workers in February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/10/25
Multiple jobholders account for 5.5% of civilian employment, the highest level since 2009. The survey captures data for four subcategories of the multi-job workforce, the relative sizes of which we've illustrated in a pie chart.
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A Closer Look at Full-time and Part-time Employment: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/10/25
Let's take a close look at February's employment report numbers on Full and Part-Time Employment. The latest data shows that 82.5% of total employed workers are full-time (35+ hours) and 17.5% of total employed workers are part-time (<35 hours).
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Unemployment Claims and the CLF as a Recession Indicator: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/10/25
What does the ratio of unemployment claims to the civilian labor force tell us about where we are in the business cycle and recession risk?
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The Big Four Recession Indicators: February Employment

by Jennifer Nash, 3/7/25
There is a general belief that there are four big indicators that the NBER Business Cycle Dating Committee weighs heavily in their cycle identification process. This commentary focuses on one of these indicators: nonfarm employment. In February, total nonfarm payrolls increased by 151,000, while the unemployment rate inched up to 4.1%.
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America's Driving Habits: December 2024

by Jennifer Nash, 3/7/25
Travel on all roads and streets increased in December. The 12-month moving average was up 0.13% month-over-month and was up 0.99% year-over-year. However, if we factor in population growth, the 12-month MA of the civilian population-adjusted data (age 16-and-over) was up 0.07% MoM and up 0.38% YoY.
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Vehicle Sales: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/7/25
The moving average for vehicle sales per capita series peaked in August 1978. Fast forward more than 45 years, it is now down 37.2% from that peak.
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Employment Report: 151K Jobs Added in February, Fewer Than Expected

by Jennifer Nash, 3/7/25
The latest employment report showed that 151,000 jobs were added in February, falling short of the expected 159,000. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate unexpectedly inched up to 4.1%.
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The Total Return Roller Coaster: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/6/25
Here's an interesting set of charts that will especially resonate with those of us who follow economic and market cycles. Imagine that five years ago you invested $10,000 in the S&P 500. How much would it be worth today, with dividends reinvested but adjusted for inflation? The purchasing power of your investment has increased to $16,440 for an annualized real return of 9.98%.
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Market Valuation, Inflation and Treasury Yields - February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/6/25
Our monthly market valuation updates have long had the same conclusion: US stock indexes are significantly overvalued, which suggests cautious expectations for investment returns. This analysis focuses on the P/E10 ratio, key indicator of market valuation, and its correlation with inflation and the 10-year Treasury yield.
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Trade Deficit Surge to Record High in January

by Jennifer Nash, 3/6/25
The U.S. trade deficit widened more than expected, as a surge in imports exceeded a smaller increase in exports. In January, the trade deficit expanded 34.0% to -$131.4B, the largest one month jump since 2015 and the largest deficit on record.
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Unemployment Claims Down 21K, Lower Than Expected

by Jennifer Nash, 3/6/25
In the week ending March 1st, initial jobless claims were at a seasonally adjusted level of 221,000. This represents a decrease of 21,000 from the previous week's figure. The latest reading was lower than the 234,000 forecast.
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Secular Bull and Bear Market Trends: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
The S&P 500 real monthly averages of daily closes reached a new all-time high in December 2024 but has retreated from it the past few months. Let's examine the past to broaden our understanding of the range of historical bull and bear market trends in market performance.
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Market Valuation: Is the Market Still Overvalued?

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
Here is a summary of the four market valuation indicators we update on a monthly basis.
- The Crestmont Research P/E ratio
- The cyclical P/E ratio using the trailing 10-year earnings as the divisor
- The Q ratio, which is the total price of the market divided by its replacement cost
- The relationship of the S&P composite price to a regression trendline
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P/E10 and Market Valuation: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
Here is the latest update of a popular market valuation method, Price-to-Earnings (P/E) ratio, using the most recent Standard & Poor's "as reported" earnings and earnings estimates, and the index monthly average of daily closes for the past month. The latest trailing twelve months (TTM) P/E ratio is 27.9 and the latest P/E10 ratio is 37.1.
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Buffett Valuation Indicator: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
With the Q4 GDP second estimate and the February close data, we now have an updated look at the popular "Buffett Indicator" -- the ratio of corporate equities to GDP. The current reading is 205.0%, down slightly from the previous quarter.
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The S&P 500, Dow and Nasdaq Since 2000 Highs as of February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
Here is a look at real (inflation-adjusted) charts of the S&P 500, Dow 30, and Nasdaq composite since their 2000 highs. We've updated this through the February 2025 close.
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Crestmont P/E and Market Valuation: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
Based on the February S&P 500 average of daily closes, the Crestmont P/E of 40.8 is 169% above its arithmetic mean, 179% above its geometric mean, and is in the 99th percentile of this 14-plus-decade series.
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ISM Services PMI Expanded for Eighth Consecutive Month in February Despite Anxieties

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
The Institute for Supply Management (ISM) released its February Services Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI), with the headline composite index at 53.5—above the forecast of 52.5. This marks the eighth consecutive month of expansion despite anxieties over tariffs and federal spending cuts.
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S&P Global Services PMI: Slowest Growth Since November 2023

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
The February U.S. Services Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) from S&P Global came in at 51.0, higher than the 49.7 forecast. The reading marks the 25th consecutive month of expansion but is the slowest growth since November 2023.
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ADP National Employment Report: 77K Private Jobs Added in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/5/25
The ADP employment report revealed that 77,000 nonfarm private jobs were added in February, the fewest amount since July. The latest reading was lower than the expected 141,000 addition.
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Q-Ratio and Market Valuation: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/4/25
The Q Ratio is the total price of the market divided by the replacement cost of all its companies. The latest Q-ratio is at 1.81, down from 1.84 in January.
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Regression to Trend: S&P Composite 178% Above Trend in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/4/25
At the end of February, the inflation-adjusted S&P Composite Index was 178% above its long-term trend, up from 177% in January and just below its record high of 185% in December.
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10-Year Treasury Yield Long-Term Perspective: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 3/3/25
The 10-year Treasury yield has experienced dramatic fluctuations, ranging from a peak of 15.68% in October 1981, during the height of the Volcker era, to a historic low of 0.55% in August 2020, amidst the economic uncertainty of the pandemic. As of February 28, 2025, the weekly average stood at 4.31%.
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ISM Manufacturing PMI: Marginal Expansion in February

by Jennifer Nash, 3/3/25
The Institute for Supply Management (ISM) manufacturing purchasing managers index (PMI) came in at 50.3 in February, indicating marginal expansion in U.S. manufacturing for a second straight month. The latest reading was worse than the forecast of 50.6.
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S&P Global US Manufacturing PMI™: Highest Level Since June 2022

by Jennifer Nash, 3/3/25
The U.S. manufacturing sector grew at its fastest rate since June 2022 in February. The S&P Global U.S. Manufacturing PMI rose for a second straight month to 52.7, exceeding the 51.6 forecast.
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Moving Averages of the Ivy Portfolio and S&P 500: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 2/28/25
Valid until the market close on March 31, 2025
This article provides an update on the monthly moving averages we track for the S&P 500 and the Ivy Portfolio after the close of the last business day of the month.
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Real Disposable Income Per Capita Up 0.5% in January

by Jennifer Nash, 2/28/25
With the release of January's report on personal incomes and outlays, we can now take a closer look at "real" disposable personal income per capita. At two decimal places, the nominal 0.84% month-over-month change in disposable income comes to 0.51% when we adjust for inflation, the largest monthly gain in a year. The year-over-year metrics are 3.58% nominal and 1.05% real, the lowest level since 2022.
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Two Measures of Inflation: January 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 2/28/25
The BEA's core Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Price Index for January showed that core inflation continues to be above the Federal Reserve's 2% long-term target at 2.6%. The January core Consumer Price Index (CPI) release was higher, at 3.3%. The Fed is on record as using core PCE data as its primary inflation gauge.
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Chicago PMI Contracts for 15th Consecutive Month

by Jennifer Nash, 2/28/25
The Chicago Purchasing Managers’ Index (Chicago Business Barometer) rose for a second straight month in February but remains historically low. The index increased to 45.5 from 39.5 in January, surpassing the 40.5 forecast. The index remained in contraction territory for a 15th consecutive month.
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PCE Inflation Rises 2.5% in January as Expected

by Jennifer Nash, 2/28/25
The BEA's Personal Income and Outlays report showed inflation remained elevated at the start of 2025. The Fed’s preferred inflation gauge, the PCE price index, rose 2.5% year-over-year in January and 0.3% from December, as expected.
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The Big Four Recession Indicators: Real Personal Income Up 0.4% in January

by Jennifer Nash, 2/28/25
Personal income (excluding transfer receipts) rose 0.7% in January and is up 4.0% year-over-year. However, when adjusted for inflation using the BEA's PCE Price Index, real personal income (excluding transfer receipts) was up 0.4% month-over-month and up 1.5% year-over-year.
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GDP Per Capita: Q4 Second Estimate

by Jennifer Nash, 2/27/25
The second estimate for Q4 GDP came in at 2.35%, a deceleration from 3.07% for the Q3 final estimate. With a per-capita adjustment, the headline number is lower at 1.71%, a slowdown from 2.22% for the Q3 headline number.
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An Inside Look at the Q4 2024 GDP Second Estimate

by Jennifer Nash, 2/27/25
Real gross domestic product (GDP) is comprised of four major subcomponents. In the Q4 GDP second estimate, three of the four components made positive contributions.
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Durable Goods Orders: January 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 2/27/25
New orders for manufactured durable goods rose to $286.00B in January. This represents a 3.1% increase from the previous month and a 3.4% rise from one year ago. The latest reading was better than the expected 2.0% growth.
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Pending Home Sales Sink to All Time Low

by Jennifer Nash, 2/27/25
The National Association of Realtors® (NAR) pending home sales index fell more than expected in January, dropping to its lowest level on record. The index came in at 70.6, a 4.6% decline from the previous month and a 5.2% drop from one year ago. Pending home sales were expected to fall 0.9% month-over-month.
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Kansas City Fed Manufacturing: Activity Continued to Decline in February

by Jennifer Nash, 2/27/25
The Kansas City Fed Manufacturing Survey continued to decline in February, with the composite index remaining at -5, unchanged from January. Despite this, future expectations stayed positive, though they dipped slightly from 15 in January to 14 in February.
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Q4 GDP Second Estimate: Real GDP at 2.3%, As Expected

by Jennifer Nash, 2/27/25
Real gross domestic product increased at an annual rate of 2.3% in Q4 2024, according to the second estimate. The latest estimate was consistent with the forecast and is slower than the Q3 final estimate of 3.1%.
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Two Measures of Consumer Attitudes: February 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 2/26/25
Consumer attitudes are measured by two monthly surveys: the University of Michigan’s Consumer Sentiment Index (MCSI) and the Conference Board’s Consumer Confidence Index (CCI). In February, the MCSI fell to 64.7, its lowest level in fifteen months. Meanwhile, the CCI experienced its sharpest decline since 2021, falling to 98.3.
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New Home Sales Sink 10.5% in January; Below Forecast

by Jennifer Nash, 2/26/25
New home sales fell more than expected while prices jumped to a two-year high last month. According to the Census Bureau, new home sales were at a seasonally adjusted annual rate of 657,000 in January, below the 679,000 forecast. This represents a 10.5% decline from December's upwardly revised rate of 734,000 and a 1.1% drop from one year ago.
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Richmond Fed Manufacturing Activity Improved in February

by Jennifer Nash, 2/25/25
Fifth district manufacturing activity improved in February, according to the most recent survey from the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond. The composite manufacturing index rose to 6 this month from -4 in January, the largest one month increase in over three years. This month's reading was better than the forecast of -3 and is the highest reading since April 2022.
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Consumer Confidence Dropped Sharply in February

by Jennifer Nash, 2/25/25
The Conference Board's Consumer Confidence Index® dropped sharply in February, falling for a third straight month. The index decreased to 98.3 this month from January's upwardly revised 105.3. This month's reading was worse than the 102.7 forecast.
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S&P CoreLogic Case-Shiller Index: 19th Straight Record High in December

by Jennifer Nash, 2/25/25
Home prices continued to trend upwards in December as the benchmark national index rose for a 23rd consecutive month to a new all-time high. The seasonally adjusted home prices for the national index saw a 0.5% increase MoM, and a 4.0% increase YoY. After adjusting for inflation, the MoM fell to 0.2% and YoY fell to -0.8%.
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FHFA House Price Index Up 0.4% in December

by Jennifer Nash, 2/25/25
The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) house price index (HPI) rose to 436.1 in December, reaching a new all-time high. U.S. house prices were up 0.4% from the previous month and up 4.7% from one year ago. However, after adjusting for inflation, the real index was lower at 201.8, a record high. Real house prices were flat month-over-month and up 2.8% year-over-year.
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Dallas Fed Manufacturing: Activity Falters Amid Increased Uncertainty

by Jennifer Nash, 2/24/25
The Dallas Fed released its Texas Manufacturing Outlook Survey (TMOS) for February. The general business activity index came in at -8.3 after rising notably in January. This marks a 22.4 point decline from the previous month, the sharpest monthly drop since March 2020.
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Chicago Fed National Activity Index: Economic Growth Decreased in January

by Jennifer Nash, 2/24/25
The Chicago Fed National Activity Index (CFNAI) fell to -0.03 in January from +0.18 in December. Two of the four broad categories of indicators used to construct the index decreased from December and one category made a negative contributions in January.
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Real Middle Class Wages as of January 2025

by Jennifer Nash, 2/12/25
This series has been updated to include the January release of the consumer price index as the deflator and the monthly employment update. The latest hypothetical real (inflation-adjusted) annual earnings are at $51,657, down 7.0% from over 50 years ago.
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Home Ownership Rate: 65.7% in Q4 2024

by Jennifer Nash, 2/5/25
The Census Bureau released its latest quarterly report for Q4 2024 showing the latest homeownership rate is at 65.7%, up from Q3 but practically unchanged from a year ago.
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Median Household Purchasing Power for the 50 States and DC: 2023 Update

by Jennifer Nash, 1/16/25
Earlier this week we posted an update on the median household income for the 50 states and DC which includes annual data from 1984 to 2023. Let's now look at the actual purchasing power of those median incomes. For this adjustment, we're using the "C2ER Cost of Living Index" produced by C2ER, the Council for Community and Economic Research.
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Median Household Income by State: 2023 Update

by Jennifer Nash, 1/15/25
The median US income in 2023 was $80,610, up from $22,420 in 1984 — a 260% rise over the 39-year time frame. However, if we adjust for inflation chained in 2023 dollars, the 1984 median is $55,828, and the increase drops to 37%.
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Household Incomes 2023: The Value of Higher Education

by Jennifer Nash, 1/14/25
What is the relationship between education and household income? The Census Bureau’s 2023 annual survey data provides valuable insights into this question. The median household income for individuals aged 25 and older was $82,010, but how does this figure vary based on educational attainment?
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Household Incomes: The Decline of the "Middle Class" 2023 Update

by Jennifer Nash, 1/14/25
The median household is the statistical center of the Middle Class. Let's take a closer look at the Census Bureau's latest annual household income data with a focus on middle class income. In this update, we'll focus on the growing gap between the median (middle) and mean (average) household incomes across the complete time frame of the Census Bureau's annual reporting from 1867 to 2023.
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Median Household Incomes by Age Bracket: 1967-2023

by Jennifer Nash, 1/13/25
Our commentary on household income distribution offers some fascinating insights into average U.S. household incomes, but misses the implications of age for income. In this update, we examine household income with a focus on age bracket.
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U.S. Household Incomes: A 50+ Year Perspective

by Jennifer Nash, 1/9/25
A few months ago, the Census Bureau released its annual report on household income data for 2023. During 2023, the median (middle) average household income rose 8.0% to $80,730. Let's take a closer look at the quintile averages, which dates from 1967, along with the statistics for the top 5%.
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Unemployment Claims Drop to 11-Month Low

by Jennifer Nash, 1/9/25
In the week ending January 4th, initial jobless claims fell to their lowest level since February 2024. Initial jobless claims were at a seasonally adjusted level of 201,000, a decrease of 10,000 from the previous week's figure. The latest reading was better than the 214,000 forecast.
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CB Leading Economic Index: Small Rise in November

by Jennifer Nash, 12/19/24
The Conference Board Leading Economic Index (LEI) increased slightly in November. The index rose 0.3% from the previous month to 99.7 after eight consecutive monthly declines.
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Top 10 AP Charts of 2023

by Jennifer Nash, 12/29/23
As 2023 comes to an end, let’s revisit the top 10 most-read AP charts of the year.
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Holiday Greetings and Temporary Hiatus

by , 12/16/23
AP Charts and Analysis will be offline this week due to the holidays. We will resume publishing economic and market analysis and publish missed news on 12/26.
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Underlying Inflation Gauge Falls for 15th Straight Month

by Jennifer Nash, 10/12/23
The latest Underlying Inflation Gauge full data set for September is 2.9%, down 0.1% from last month, while the prices-only measure is 2.2%, down 0.2% from last month. Current Headline CPI is now 3.7% and Core CPI is 4.2%.
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Regional Fed Manufacturing Overview: September 2023

by Jennifer Nash, 9/28/23
Five out of the 12 Federal Reserve Regional Districts currently publish monthly data on regional manufacturing: Dallas, Kansas City, New York, Richmond, and Philadelphia. The September average of the five districts is -6.5, down from the previous month.
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The Philly Fed ADS Business Conditions Index

by Jennifer Nash, 9/28/23
We've updated our periodic look at the Philly Fed ADS Index which includes real GDP (Q2 2023 third estimate) and initial jobless claims through 9/23.
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The "Real" Goods on the August Durable Goods Data

by Jennifer Nash, 9/27/23
The Census Bureau has posted its advance report on new orders for durable goods for August. This series dates from 1992 and is not adjusted for either population growth or inflation. Let's review durable goods data with those two adjustments.
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Breaking Down the Components of the Chicago Fed National Activity Index

by Jennifer Nash, 9/25/23
The Chicago Fed's National Activity Index is based on 85 economic indicators drawn from four broad categories of data. Two of the four broad categories of indicators used to construct the index decreased from July. All four categories made negative contributions in August.
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A Long-Term Look: Residential Building Permits and Housing Starts

by Jennifer Nash, 9/19/23
The U.S. Census Bureau and the Department of Housing and Urban Development published their August findings for new residential housing starts and building permits. Over the long haul, the two series offer a compelling study of trends in residential real estate. Here is an overlay of the two series since the 1959 inception of the starts and permits data, which was tracked beginning a year later.
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Top 10 AP Charts of 2022

by Jill Mislinski, 12/23/22
Here's the top 10 most popular AP Charts of 2022.
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ECRI Weekly Leading Index Update

by Jill Mislinski, 9/30/22
Today's release of the publicly available data from ECRI puts the WLI at 145.6, up from the previous week's figure. The WLIg is at -10.3, up from last week and the WLI YoY is at -4.92%, down slightly from last week.
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Gasoline Volume Sales Down 8.9% YoY

by Jill Mislinski, 1/21/22
The Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) monthly data on volume sales is several weeks old when it released. The latest numbers, through mid-November, are now available.
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2020 Update: Median Home Price and Salary Required in 25 Major Cities

by Jill Mislinski, 10/29/21
The team at HSH.com, features a periodic update entitled "The Salary You Must Earn to Buy a Home in the 50 Largest Metro Areas". The key question is:
"How much salary do you need to earn in order to afford the principal and interest payments on a median-priced home in your metro area?"
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Not Your Regularly Scheduled Programming

by Jill Mislinski, 10/24/21
Next week we are taking a hiatus from regularly scheduled updates and will be publishing a series of articles based on the Census Bureau's 2020 Income and Poverty Report. Stay Tuned!
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A Closer Look at Yesterday's ADP Employment Report

by Jill Mislinski, 10/7/21
In yesterday morning's ADP employment report we got the September estimate of 568K nonfarm private employment jobs gained, an increase over August's revised 340K. The popular spin on this indicator is as a preview to the monthly jobs report from the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
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UPDATE: COVID-19, The Markets, and The Economy

by Jill Mislinski, 6/16/21
Let's take a look at major sectors in the ETF world since February 21, 2020. All but two sectors, hotels and airlines, have recovered since then. Retail has bounced back the fastest, while hotels and airlines are still lagging. Individuals are returning to travel rapidly as more vaccines are administered.
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Join us tomorrow for the AP Thought Leader Summit - a FREE virtual event!
by Team, 10/5/20
Join us for a series of virtual sessions during the AP Thought Leader Summit 2020, October 6-7, 2020. This FREE event is for financial advisors to learn and earn CE credits for sessions from the industry's most influential thought leaders to help grow and manage their practice. Register here!
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Publishing Delay
by Jill Mislinski, 2/3/20
We are having some software issues and as a result, all economic news is delayed slightly. We will back-publish all missed updates once this is resolved. Thank you!
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Some Updates Delayed Indefinitely

by Jill Mislinski, 1/7/19
Due to the ongoing government shutdown, data held by the Census Bureau and the Bureau of Economic Analysis will not be published.
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Millennials and the Labor Force: A Look at the Trends

by Jill Mislinski, 10/10/18
Millennials make up the largest percentage of our population today, yet have seen some of the lowest labor force participation growth and highest unemployment out of all age groups since the turn of the century. This has larger implications when coupled with slow wage growth, high home prices, and mounting student debt.
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Trends in the Teenage Workforce Update

by Jill Mislinski, 10/10/18
In July of 2015, CNN Money featured an article with the optimistic and intriguing title "More American teens are getting jobs. That's good for everyone." After reading the article, we revised one of our monthly charts on Labor Force Participation to include the age 16-19 cohort -- one we elsewhere combine with the 20-24 year-olds. We've updated this article to include the latest employment data.
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Groundbreaking New Portfolio Retirement Income Guarantee
by Sponsored Content by RetireOne, 9/18/18
Cover retail mutual funds and ETFs in client IRAs, Roth IRAs, and taxable brokerage accounts to deliver reliable, sustainable income streams your clients can't outlive.
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Forecasting GDP: Gazing into the Crystal Ball

by Jill Mislinski, 6/27/18
The big economic number tomorrow will be the Q2 Third Estimate for GDP. The last two quarters are behind us with their real annualized rates of 2.9% in Q4 2017 and 2.3% in Q1. What do economists see in their collective crystal ball for Q2 Third Estimate? Let's take a look at the latest GDP forecasts from the latest Wall Street Journal survey of economists conducted earlier this month.
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Next Recession? Pundit Prognoses

by , 4/15/18
This is the second in a multi-part series where we examine pundits' opinions and predictions on the latest topics.
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Bitcoin Bets: Which Pundit Is Right?

by , 3/19/18
The bitcoin and cryptocurrency craze has everyone talking. Here's what some of the big names in the industry are saying.
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A Note on 404 Errors
by Jill Mislinski, 3/13/18
Many of our readers have been experiencing 404 errors on dshort pages. These pages have not disappeared, they are merely being edited and as a result of our current process, it shows as a broken page. Please be sure to check back within a few days to see the newest update.
We are working on a new system that will prevent these errors.
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The Labor Market Conditions Index Discontinued

by Jill Mislinski, 8/8/17
The LMCI is a relatively recent indicator developed by Federal Reserve economists to assess changes in the labor market conditions. As of August 3, 2017, updates of the labor market conditions index (LMCI) have been discontinuedThe LMCI is derived from a dynamic factor model that extracts the primary common variation from 19 labor market indicators.
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Earn $100 by Participating in an APViewpoint Focus Group

by Jill Mislinski, 5/16/17
An ETF sponsor is looking for 30 advisors to participate in an online focus group to be hosted on APViewpoint. The purpose of this focus group is to gather advisors’ observations on the ETF marketplace. Click for more info.
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Visit Us At Morningstar

by Jill Mislinski, 4/26/17
If you're attending this week's Morningstar Investment Conference in Chicago, come visit us at booth #360. Meet members of our team, including CEO/Editor in Chief Bob Huebscher, National Account Manager Becky Allen and dshort's Research Director Jill Mislinski.
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Update: A Closer Look at the Cost of Education

by Jill Mislinski, 3/21/17
Many reports on the cost of education and affordability over the last decade have focused on the rapid growth of educational debt. Here we examine student aid, costs of undergraduate education, and enrollment over time. We've used data from the College Board's annual Trends in Higher Education publications. We've updated this report with the latest data.
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The dshort Daily Digest is Back

by Jill Mislinski, 1/13/17
We are reintroducing the dshort Daily Digest! This daily email will include the most recent updates from dshort. Sign up now!
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Brace Yourself: Our Latest Look at Student Debt

by Jill Mislinski, 12/31/16
College Tuition and Fees constitute one of the biggest threats to our economic outlook. Here is a chart of data from the relevant Consumer Price Index sub-component reaching back to 1978, the earliest year Uncle Sam provides a breakout for College Tuition and Fees. As an interesting sidebar, we've thrown in the increase in the cost of purchasing a new car as well as the more substantial increase for the broader category of medical care, both of which pale in comparison.
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Housing Affordability in Today's Largest Cities

by Jill Mislinski, 12/21/16
We continue our real estate research with a study on metropolitan affordability in the rental and mortgage markets. Once again, we tap into Zillow Group’s wealth of data and use a data set that includes mortgage affordability, rental affordability, and price-to-income ratios for the five most populous US cities with comparison to the national median.
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Metropolitan Home Prices and the Zillow Home Value Index

by Jill Mislinski, 11/21/16
According to the Census Bureau, 84% of U.S. citizens live in Metropolitan Statistical Areas - defined as a region with at least one urbanized area of population 50,000 or more. Here we look at home values in the top five metro areas over a 20 year period using data from Zillow Group. We focus on Zillow Sales prices and the Zillow Home Value Index, a house price index that uses Zillow data.
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Snapshots of Market History: The Bear Bottoming Process

by Doug Short, 10/26/16
Note from dshort: Since the middle of the last century, there have been nine bear markets in the S&P 500 using the 20% selloff of the "bear-market" benchmark. There have been two additional corrections that came within a hair's breadth of the -20% qualification. Here are snapshots of those official bears and initial recoveries. Rather than scrolling down, you can click on a chart for an enlarged version and a slide-show of the series.
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Happiness Revisited: A Household Income of $75K?

by Doug Short, 10/21/16
Note from dshort: We've updated this commentary in the wake of the Census Bureau's release last month of the 2015 annual household income data from the Current Population Survey.
One of our favorite discussions on APViewpoint, which addressed "The Sad State of Happiness", included an indirect reference to a popular 2010 academic study by psychologist Daniel Kahneman and economist Angus Deaton. Their topic was the correlation between annual household income and day-to-day contentment. They analyzed more than 450,000 total responses to a Gallup weekly survey of households across the 50 states and DC. The survey was conducted in 2009.
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The Financial Plight of White Working Class Males

by Doug Short, 10/5/16
With the US presidential election about five weeks away, the popular press has feasted on the campaign events and survey results, with the primary focus on the Trump spectacle. The fundamental question remains: How did The Don succeed in winning the Republican Party nomination in the first place? And how could he remain in contention in the wake of his bizarre campaign rhetoric? A provocative new report from Sentier Research gives us insight into what might be the key factor in the Trump phenomenon: A secular decline in the financial well-being of white working class males and what we can infer as the resulting anger directed at the political powers that be.
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Validating the S&P Composite Stock Price Index

by Doug Short, 9/1/16
Visitors to Advisor Perspectives will recognize the S&P Composite Stock Price Index as a regular feature in our long-term charts of market and economic happenings. We're referring to the data series made popular in recent years by Yale Professor Robert Shiller, not to be confused with the S&P Composite 1500, an index that combines the S&P 500, the S&P Mid Cap 400, and the S&P Small Cap 600. Here's a an overlay of the Dow and the S&P Composite from May of 1896, the month the Dow Jones Industrial Average index of 12 stocks was established.
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Medals, GDP, and the 2016 Rio Olympics

by Jill Mislinski, 8/15/16
With the 2016 Rio Olympics in the news and on many minds, we decided to investigate whether particular indicators were a predictor of performance.
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Best Stock Market Indicator Update

by Jill Mislinski, 7/22/16
According to this system, the market is now tradable and a signal to enter and continue all long trading. The OEXA200R is at 84% and all three secondary indicators are positive.
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49 Years of Income and Home Values

by Jill Mislinski, 5/25/16
Often conversations about home buying end up in discussions on the high cost of homes today and their affordability – or lack thereof. We decided to take a look at the long-term trends in home prices in comparison to income and found that incomes have been stagnant since the early 1970s, while home prices have risen dramatically in comparison.
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Equity Valuations, Recessions and Stock Market Declines

by Doug Short, 4/12/16
Note: In response to an email, I've updated the data in this article through the March month-end numbers and at the launch of the Q1 2016 earnings season.
Last year I had a fascinating conversation with Neile Wolfe, of Wells Fargo Advisors, LLC. Based on the underlying data in the adjacent chart, Neile made some cogent observations about the historical relationships between equity valuations, recessions and market prices:
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Industrial Production: Those Ugly Annual Benchmark Revisions and the Heightened Risk of Recession

by Doug Short, 4/4/16
The big economic news on Friday was the Department of Labor's Employment Report for March. The mainstream press focused on two numbers: the 215K new jobs and the 5% unemployment rate. Over the next few days we'll dig in a bit deeper to look at some of the underlying employment demographics, which in many ways give a greater understanding of employment conditions. But the much more significant economic news on Friday was the Federal Reserve's noon release of the disturbingly negative annual benchmark revisions to Industrial Production.
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Median Household Income Growth: Deflating the American Dream

by Doug Short, 9/23/15
What is the single best indicator of the American Dream? Many would point to household income growth. The Census Bureau has now published some selected annual household income data in a new report: "Income and Poverty in the United States: 2014". Last year the median (middle) household income was $53,657 — a 0.13% year-over-year increase that shrinks to -1.48% when adjusted for inflation. Let's put the new release into a larger historical context.
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Median Household Income Growth: Deflating the American Dream

by Doug Short, 9/16/14
What is the single best indicator of the American Dream? Many would point to household income growth. The Census Bureau has now published some selected annual household income data in a new report: Income and Poverty in the United States: 2013. Last year the median (middle) household income was $51,939 -- a 1.8% year-over-year increase that shrinks to 0.3% when adjusted for inflation. Let's put the new release into a larger historical context.
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P/E: So Many Choices: Part 2
by Ed Easterling, 4/27/11
This is the second installment of a two-part article on P/E ratios by Ed Easterling. Ed's books, Unexpected Returns and Probable Outcomes, have our unqualified endorsement for anyone trying to understand the complex and often puzzling relationship between the economy and the market.
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P/E: So Many Choices: Part 1
by Ed Easterling, 4/26/11
We're delighted to welcome Ed Easterling with this first installment of a two-part article on P/E ratios. Ed's books, Unexpected Returns and Probable Outcomes, have our unqualified endorsement for anyone trying to understand the complex and often puzzling relationship between the economy and the market.
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