With regional bank volatility grabbing headlines, CIO Larry Adam looks at what this activity means for the economy and asset classes.
Over the past two weeks, the regional banking turmoil has reemerged as First Republic Bank failed and was ultimately sold to JP Morgan, shares of other smaller regional banks like PacWest and Western Alliance fell demonstrably, and the merger between TD Bank and First Horizon was surprisingly scuttled. While the S&P 500 has been largely flat over this time period, the KBW Regional Banking Index has plummeted and is now down 61% year-to-date, sitting at a three-year low. Volatility in the regional banking sector is likely to continue into the near future. While headlines of bank failures are unsettling for investors, it’s important to put the recent bout of banking sector volatility into perspective and consider what it means for the economy and asset classes.
Economy – not on the edge quite yet
A healthy banking system is important to the growth of the economy, and, fortunately, the recent turmoil has not yet reached a level that would cause us to significantly change our economic forecasts. Tighter lending standards by the Federal Reserve (Fed) were expected to cool the economy and take the edge off inflationary pressures – which it has. But the recent turmoil in regional banks, caused primarily by poor strategy and risk management, will likely have a bigger impact on business lending than on the consumer.
Impact on lending | As a result of the Fed tightening cycle – 10 consecutive meetings of increasing the Fed funds rate – and rising borrowing costs from credit cards to auto loans, lending standards had already been tightening leading into this recent banking turmoil. In fact, at the end of the first quarter, it was noted that a net 45% of banks had reported tightening lending standards, up from -15% (suggesting easing lending standards) just one year ago. On May 8, updated figures from the Fed’s Senior Loan Officer Survey for 1Q will be released and likely show the trend of further tightening in lending standards. In particular, small/medium-sized banks have likely tightened their lending standards which in turn will weigh on both small business borrowing and investment going forward.
Small businesses hit | Relative to larger businesses, small businesses rely heavily on regional and smaller banks rather than larger banks (>$250 bn in assets) for financing. As a result, the regional banking turmoil will disproportionally hamper smaller businesses. It is not surprising that the net respondents in the NFIB Small Business Optimism Index reported easier availability of loans declined to the lowest level (-9%) since 2012 and only 2% saw now as a good time to expand, the lowest level since the Great Financial Crisis. As small businesses make up ~48% of total employment and generate ~44% of total economic activity, a slowdown in small businesses will be a headwind for economic growth going forward.
The consumer remains in the driver’s seat | While tightening lending standards and a potential slowdown in small business activity potentially pose headwinds for economic growth going forward, we do not want to overestimate its impact. Why? Because consumer spending makes up ~70% of GDP and is generally the main driver of the trajectory of the economy. Until a significant slowdown in the labor market occurs, which has not yet occurred (evidenced by the U.S. economy adding 253k jobs in April), healthy consumer spending will likely buoy any weakness in business investment.
Fixed income – downward pressure on yields
The ongoing tremors in the banking sector have led to sharp swings in Treasury yields, with the 2-year Treasury moving more than 20 basis points (bps) in a day, mostly to the downside, on nine separate occasions over the last 60 days. Moves of this magnitude are exceptionally rare. The last time the market was so volatile was in the 1980s.
Market turmoil, whatever shape it takes, has always been met with a policy response. And while the Fed and regulators have stepped in to shore up confidence and provide liquidity to banks during this recent turmoil, the markets remain concerned there may be more shoes to drop. With uncertainty increasing, there is a disconnect between the market’s view and Fed rhetoric regarding the future path of interest rates.
This tug-of-war between the markets and the Fed seems likely to persist. As we expect a mild recession to unfold in the second half of this year, we maintain our call for a 3.0% Treasury yield at year-end and an up-in-quality bias, favoring investment grade and municipals over high-yield debt. A challenging economic backdrop and tighter lending standards could lead to a potential increase in lower-quality bond defaults that have not yet been priced into high-yield spreads.
Equities – the stock market is not the economy
We have said before that it is important to recognize that the economy and stock market can differ. As a result, while it is important to understand the dynamics driving the economy and financial conditions, it is more important to assess how they specifically impact the stock market.
Influence on the S&P 500 is minimal | The banking turmoil has driven a significant number of headlines, but how much does the ongoing turmoil in regional banks impact the stock market? The direct impact of the regional banking turmoil should be minimal on the S&P 500 Index as the regional banking sub-industry is only ~0.30% of the Index as of May 3, 2023. As regional banks have declined in price they’ve become a smaller portion of the large-cap broad market indices and will contribute little to those returns going forward. Consolidation in the banking sector is now a tailwind for large-cap equity returns as larger banks are much more insulated from the near-term risks these regional banks face.
Bottom line
We do not have a crystal ball as to how long the regional banking turmoil will last, and the volatility and headlines from it will likely continue to be uncomfortable. However, as we outlined above, while there will be modest economic spillover effects, the woes of the banking sector will likely remain contained within the regional banking space. As a result, we do not believe that this turmoil will push the U.S. into a severe recession (we expect a mild recession beginning in the third quarter of 2023 as a result of a weakening labor market) and reiterate our 4,400 year-end targets for the S&P 500.
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Source: FactSet, as of 5/4/2023
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