The latest employment report showed that 177,000 jobs were added in April, down from 185,000 in March but higher than the expected 138,000 addition. Meanwhile, the unemployment rate remained at 4.2%, as expected.
Here is an excerpt from the Employment Situation Summary released this morning by the Bureau of Labor Statistics:
Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 177,000 in April, and the unemployment rate was unchanged at 4.2 percent, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported today. Employment continued to trend up in health care, transportation and warehousing, financial activities, and social assistance. Federal government employment declined.
Household Survey Data: The unemployment rate was unchanged at 4.2 percent in April and has remained in a narrow range of 4.0 percent to 4.2 percent since May 2024. The number of unemployed people, at 7.2 million, changed little in April.
Establishment Survey Data: Total nonfarm payroll employment increased by 177,000 in April, roughly in line with the average monthly gain of 152,000 over the prior 12 months. In April, employment continued to trend up in health care, transportation and warehousing, financial activities, and social assistance. Federal government employment declined.
Here is a snapshot of the monthly change in nonfarm employment over the last four years. The 3-month moving average is currently at 155,000, up from the previous month.
For another view, here is the monthly percent change in nonfarm employment since 2000. We've added a 12-month moving average to highlight the long-term trend. The latest 12-month moving average is at 157,000, up from the previous month.
Unemployment, Recessions, and Market Trends
The next chart illustrates the relationship between unemployment, recessions, and the S&P Composite since 1948. Unemployment is typically a lagging indicator that moves inversely to equity prices (the top series in the chart). Notice the rising unemployment peaks in 1971, 1975, and 1982, which coincided with bear markets. A similar pattern briefly emerged during the COVID pandemic, but the impact was short-lived as irrational exuberance quickly took over.
The latest unemployment rate stands at 4.187% (to three decimal places).
Now, let's examine the unemployment rate as a recession indicator—specifically, the cyclical troughs in the unemployment rate (UR). The next chart highlights a 12-month moving average of the UR, with its troughs marked.
Currently, the unemployment rate stands at 4.19%, slightly above the latest 12-month moving average of 4.12%. As shown in the inset table, the correlation between these moving average troughs and the start of recessions is remarkably strong. The most recent trough occurred 22 months ago, in June 2023, when the 12-month moving average of the unemployment rate fell to its lowest level since January 1970.
The next chart highlights the unemployment rate for those unemployed for 27 weeks or more. This rate has declined significantly from its all-time peak of 4.4% in April 2010. Following the COVID pandemic, it rose as high as 2.6% but has since trended downward. It now stands at 1.0%, up from the previous month.
How long does unemployment typically last? As the next chart shows, the latest data indicates that the average duration of unemployment is 23.2 weeks. Historically, this metric tends to rise during and after recessions.
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ broadest measure of unemployment, the U6 series, captures not only the unemployed but also the underemployed, marginally attached workers, and those who have stopped looking for work. Often referred to as the 'real' unemployment rate, many economists consider it the most comprehensive gauge of labor market conditions. In contrast, the more widely cited unemployment rate only includes those who are unemployed and actively job-seeking within the past four weeks.
The U6 series currently stands at 7.8%, down from the previous month.
