Are investors putting the rose-colored glasses on with Trump? To some degree, yes. Your scenario included no imposition of significant trade barriers. That certainly is a big wildcard.

Trump’s initial statements after his election, particularly working with House GOP leader Paul Ryan, made the markets really feel comfortable. Clearly lowering the corporate income tax is something that is very likely and very, very positive for stocks. Of course we should add that a good stock market assumes there will be no unusual foreign problems or geopolitical threats from China, Russia, or anywhere else that put the Trump administration under pressure and under threat right away. Such threats certainly will make the markets very, very nervous.

Is there any specific policy decision that will have a significant impact either positively or adversely on the market?

The most positive policy for stocks is a tax cut. If we could get our statutory rate down from 35% to 25%, expert estimates say that it will boost S&P earnings by 10%, and that is assuming no faster economic growth. If we get a boost in economic growth from Trump’s policies, clearly, we could be looking for a greater increase in earnings. But in terms of what is likely, I would say corporate tax reduction is most likely followed by some cuts on the individual side. Individual tax cuts are something the Democrats are going to fight, but we did have a big increase in capital gains tax and the dividend tax rate under the Obama administration, and some rollback of those increases under a Trump administration would be another positive factor for stocks.

Obviously on the negative side would be tariffs, quotas or restrictions on trade. I believe the market would react quite negatively to those policies. Right now the market is saying, “Trump is going to make some cosmetic moves on trade, he’s not going to change the thrust of our policies.” But nothing is certain yet. It is still very early in the Trump transition.

Last year you expected “some increase” in the 10-year Treasury yield. On November 30 of last year it was at 2.21% and on Friday it closed at 2.34%, so your forecast was accurate. What is your forecast now for interest rates? Have we finally seen the end of the 35-year secular downtrend in rates?

Rates took a huge jump after the Trump election. They are going to work their way higher. Again, there is a lot of uncertainty about what policies will be enacted, but I would not be surprised to see the ten year between 2.5% and 3% by the end of next year. That is a rate that should not be threatening for equities. If rates move well above 3% without a corresponding big increase in economic growth, it’s a problem. If there’s a big increase in economic growth, a move above 3% could still be all right. But if there is an inflation problem, the Fed will fight by increasing rates even more. That certainly would be a challenge to the equity market.

President-elect Trump has criticized the Fed for being too dovish. Would he be wise to appoint a new chairperson or governors who are more hawkish?

Janet Yellen’s term doesn’t end until January 2018. Vice Chair Stan Fischer’s term ends about six months after that. Trump has given no indication that he’ll ask either to step down now, although he has definitely said that he wants to replace Yellen when he becomes president.

Yes, Trump has criticized the Fed for keeping interest rates down too much. After accusing the Fed of trying to help Clinton and Obama by keeping rates low, Trump might have to welcome low rates if he wants to implement the infrastructure program that he desires. In fact, I believe the Fed is going to move with the 10-year rate next year. If the 10-year Treasury continues to rise to 2.5%, 2.75% or 3% or more, you are going to see two or three Fed rate hikes. We are certainly going to see one in December. That’s a slam dunk. But there could be anywhere from two to three hikes next year depending on how high that 10-year rate goes.

It’s one thing to finance infrastructure at a near-zero rate, which is where short-term rates are. But if short rates rise to 1.5% and the long rates approach 3%, it is going to be more of a challenge. Trump may not appoint someone who is very hawkish, such as John Taylor, and maybe we’ll find that Yellen’s dovishness will be welcome at a later date.

I should mention that for quite a while there have been two openings on the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve and the Board wants them filled. They want to be at full strength. There are only five governors now and there should be seven. Trump will have the opportunity to appoint two new governors very early in his term.

According to Paul Krugman this morning, Trump intends to finance his infrastructure spending through tax breaks to the private sector.

Let’s talk about that. To the extent that you build a new highway, you could charge tolls for it, you could raise tolls on current highways or you could raise the gasoline tax. If you want to build airports or ports, there can be fees that are charged to pay for much of that. But I believe that it cannot be 100% financed by the private sector, because if it could have been, it would’ve likely been done already.

Yet I approve of a private-sector plan. Clearly there should be user fees to the extent that people use the roads. If you do drive, you should pay for highways. But realistically, on the scope that Trump is talking about, there is still going to be a lot of government debt that will have to be floated to finance these projects. Additionally, Trump pledged to cut taxes and that too will raise the debt.

It’s likely that headline CPI inflation will surpass 2.5% given the increase in the price of gas. What is your forecast now for inflation?

Oil is fluctuating between $40 and $50/barrel. Gasoline prices go with it. Where is oil going to be next year? With a strong economy I could see it at $50 to $55/barrel. I don’t think that’s very inflationary. One also has to take into account the strength of the dollar because of higher interest rates. This lowers the price of everything we import.

I’m not convinced that we are going to see a lot more inflation. It might go to 2.5% on the CPI or CPI core. The Fed has said it is willing to tolerate that level to get the economy going again. Anything above that and they’ll be much more aggressive about raising the rates. But I don’t think we are facing any runaway inflation or even a big acceleration of inflation, especially if the dollar stays strong.

Last year you talked about the potential for emerging-market stocks, particularly if the price of oil rebounded, which it has. Given the potential for higher rates and a stronger dollar, have the risks gone up for emerging-market investing?

Emerging-market investing is still a very favorable area for investors. The P/E ratios are still under that of developed markets -the low teens for most emerging markets.

What has hurt the emerging markets over the last two years has been the collapse of commodity prices. A few countries, like India, have been doing well because they do not supply those raw materials. I think commodity prices have hit their bottom and stabilized early this year. From this point on, I still think emerging markets offer good opportunities.

Rob Arnott has written that the nature of the markets has fundamentally changed because of debt deflation and demographics and that past experience is no longer a reliable guide to the future. Do you agree with his thesis?

I was with Rob last February when the oil prices collapsed. He and I agreed that emerging markets were very, very attractive at that time. We all acknowledged the pain that all of us who have advocated those markets had suffered up to that point. Of course, that February was the bottom from which they rallied some 30% and 40%. As I stated earlier, I still think their valuation is attractive.

I’ve written on the demographics issue. Most emerging economies have a much younger demographic, except for China. If their economies grow rapidly, they could be the buyers of many of the assets the baby boomers will be selling over the next 10 or 20 years. I also know that the developed economies have a debt burden. And there are large, unfunded liabilities for Social Security and, in particular, Medicare. One should note that those debt burdens don’t really begin to bite for another 10 to 15 years. At this particular juncture debt is not a problem for the U.S. or most of the world’s developed economies. It’s a problem down the road and something will have to be done in the future. But I don’t see a need for any emergency fix now.

Have prospective equity returns been permanently lowered in the U.S. due to tighter regulations, greater transparency, the rapid dissemination of information and the preponderance of indexing? How does this affect the equity-risk premium?

Stocks are slightly above their historical normal valuation, which is 15-to 16-times earnings. Now P/E ratios are 19 or 20. Bonds are enormously above their historical valuation, which means that the forward-looking returns on bonds are very much lower than historical returns, while the forward-looking returns on equity are slightly below their long-run average. The difference between the forward looking returns on stocks and bonds is still very large, in fact larger than average. So the equity premium is very much alive.

In my book, Stocks for the Long Run, I’ve documented that equities have delivered a remarkably constant return of 6.7% per year after inflation, including dividends plus capital gains. Stock returns are likely to be somewhat lower in the future. I now look for about 5% to 5.5% as the long-run equity return after inflation. On bonds, after inflation returns are very likely zero or perhaps even negative.

You are an advisor to Wisdom Tree Funds, which offers a number of dividend-oriented strategies. Why do dividends matter? Can’t investors always create a synthetic dividend by harvesting capital gains? If there is an advantage to dividend-based investing, why hasn’t it been arbitraged away?

Dividend-based investing is quite similar to value-based investing. Warren Buffett has been a fan of value-based investing. He has often been asked the same question, “Why hasn’t value-based investing been arbitraged away?” He has said it is because investors’ brains are hardwired to go for growth and they overpay for growth. Ultimately that’s what gives the value stocks their superior long-run risk return characteristics. Dividend-based investing has done quite well this year, even with recent pressure of higher interest rates.

What I like about dividend-paying stocks is the commitment of management to pay cash and to maintain or even raise this through time. This commitment is superior to hoarding or overpaying for acquisitions or other assets. I realize that under our current tax system there is a built-in benefit for capital gains, and that feeds stock buybacks. So I like stock buybacks and feel they are a very close second best, after cash dividends.

Maybe under the Trump administration we will get more favorable dividend taxation. One change I would like to see is that if you reinvest your dividends, you are not taxed until you actually sell the stock. That would put dividend payments on par with capital gains, which as you know are not taxed until the stock is sold. This policy would not be hard to implement and would encourage corporations to pay more dividends.

Lastly, what overall guidance, in terms of asset allocation or otherwise, would you offer to long-term investors such as those who are saving for retirement or for a child’s education?

I see no reason, despite the fact we’ve had two sizable bear markets in the past 15 years and a nice run from the March 2009 lows, to stay away from equities. U.S. stocks are only slightly above their longer-term average price-earnings ratio. Europe and emerging markets are below their long-run valuation averages, so they are very attractive. Do not ignore foreign markets, even though you might think the U.S. is going to grow faster, because faster growth is already impounded into the prices of US stocks.

I find bonds and fixed income to be very dangerous at the current time and much more so since the Trump victory. Although many of us had reservations about Trump for any number of reasons, on the economic front, if he does not veer off into tariffs, quotas, trade wars, or foreign adventures that are not in our interest, the policy which the Republicans advocate is tremendously more capital-friendly than the Democratic positions that many of us were resigned to endure for four or more years.

The Republicans control all three houses, but they don’t control it by such enormous margins that all their policies are a slam dunk to be passed. In fact, GOP margins have been reduced in both the House and the Senate from the last Congress. Nonetheless, the opportunity to enact more-capital friendly regulations and tax policies, particularly for corporations, is very positive for equities going forward.

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