U.S. Workforce Analysis: October 2023 Update

Unemployment in the Prime Age Group (25-54)

Let's look at the same statistic for the core workforce, ages 25-54. This cohort leaves out the employment volatility of the high-school and college years, the lower employment of the retirement years and also the age 55-64 decade when many in the workforce begin transitioning to retirement...for example, two-income households that downsize into one-income households.

In the latest report, this indicator is at 3.2%, unchanged from the previous month. The cohort population increased by 53,000 and the labor force decreased by 219,000. The breakdown of the growth is a decrease of 238,000 employed and a increase of 19,000 in the unemployed.

A More Sobering Measure: Labor Force Participation Rate

A wildcard in the two snapshots above is the volatility of the civilian labor force — most notably the subset of people who move in and out of the workforce for various reasons, not least of which is discouragement during business cycle downturns. The chart below continues to focus on our 25-54 core cohort with a broader measure: The labor force participation rate (LFPR). The LFPR is calculated as the civilian labor force divided by the civilian non-institutional population (i.e., not in the military or institutionalized). Because of the extreme volatility of the metric, our focus is the 12-month moving average.

The latest 12-month moving average is the highest it has been since March 2009 and is continuing to trend upward. Based on the moving average, today's age 25-54 cohort would require 1.3 million to match the peak rate around the turn of the century.

Why are so many labor force participants needed for a complete LFPR recovery? When the economy is moving at full speed, as in the late 1990s, jobs are abundant, which encourages the population on the workforce sidelines to join the ranks of the employed.

Yet Another Measure: Employment-to-Population Ratio

The next chart below is calculated as the civilian employed divided by the civilian non-institutional population. Again our focus is the 12-month moving average. A significant feature of the employment-to-population ratio is that it isn't affected by the volatility of labor force participants who, for various reasons, are unemployed.

This metric began to rebound from its post-recession trough in late 2012 and surpassed its moving average ratio peak from 2007 in early 2020. However, as a result of the COVID pandemic, the metric sharply declined for just over a year before quickly rising to and just barely surpassing its moving average ratio peak from 2007. The latest 12-month moving average has surpassed its 2020 peak is continuing to trend upwards. The current age 25-54 cohort would require a 1.3 million participant increase to match its mid-2000 peak.

A Structural Change in the Economy

The charts above offer strong evidence that our economy is in the midst of a massive structural change. Unemployment has essentially reached its "natural" rate and labor force participation for the 25-54 age group cohort has slowly inched back up to levels last seen before the COVID pandemic and could potentially near the levels seen pre-great recession. However, a 2024 recession could derail this.

In order to discount the general belief that the aging of the baby boom generation is a major factor in weak employment, we've focused on the 25-54 age group. Also, by excluding the age 55-64 decade associated with early or pre-retirement, we've eliminated a cohort that might include a major source of discouraged or less-determined workers.

The Growth of the Elderly Workforce

Let's close this analysis with a chart that essentially demolishes the prevailing view of our aging population as a demographic drag on labor supply. Here is the ratio of the 65-and-over cohort as a percent of the employed civilian population all the way back to 1948, the earliest year of government employment data. Mind you...these people are not only in the workforce but also actually employed.

The 12-month moving average of elderly employment is at 6.7%, just below its historic high of 6.8% from August 2023 but now over double its low in the mid-1980s. This is a trend with multiple root causes, most notably longer lifespans, the decline in private sector pensions and frequent cases of insufficient financial planning. Another major factor is the often surprising discovery by many of the elderly that, financial consideration aside, the "golden years of retirement" are less personally satisfying than productive employment. Note that the growth acceleration began in the late 1990s, prior to the last two business cycle downturns (aka "recessions").

In Conclusion...

This structural change in employment continues to have a major impact on the overall economy and this change has been exacerbated by the great recession and the COVID recession. Another could have an even greater impact.

Here's our list of monthly employment updates:

ADP Employment Report

Unemployment Claims

Employment Situation Summary

Long-Term Trends by Age Group

Aging Work Force

Ratio of Part-Time and Full-Time Employment

Multiple Jobholders

Civilian Labor Force, Unemployment Claims, and the Business Cycle

Read more updates by Jen Nash