Your Portfolio and the Election

Predicting the Unpredictable

The first thing to be said in assessing this election cycle is that we live in crazy times. It was late June when that fateful debate doomed President Biden’s prospects, and the next several weeks saw years of history unfold. It is hard to believe that an assassination attempt on former President Trump, unsuccessful by mere centimeters, is not even remembered anymore. That story alone is one for the history books, but the story of the Democrats not having a primary season, seeing an incumbent President withdraw his own candidacy for the first time since 1968, and the way in which the party coalesced around the Vice President as their candidate all speak to the rapidity with which things change.

The idea that someone on Labor Day weekend believes they know the result over two months out is insane. The last two presidential elections were determined by less than 80,000 votes, combined, in just a few states, out of 150 million votes cast. We are in a 50–50 country in so many ways, and the nature of the electoral college makes it very difficult for either candidate to run up the score in the states where they are most popular. The reasonably high floor of both candidates (45–46% by my analysis), but also the reasonably low ceiling of both candidates, makes this an election that will most likely, once again, be settled by thin margins in just a handful of states (and within those, by just a handful of counties).

It also is not true that investors would gain a significant edge in markets if they knew who the next president were going to be. Whoever occupies the White House has a certain amount of executive authority, strong discretion in the appointment of judges, the ability to veto legislation (as if that happens much), and a lot of leeway over personnel in cabinet departments. Yet the separation of powers embedded in our Constitution doesn’t allow the president carte blanche in passing legislation.

The bicameral nature of our legislature means that both the House of Representatives and the Senate are needed for legislation to pass. In fact, one of the most underreported realities of the Biden administration is that with a numerical majority in the US Senate and House they were unable to pass their signature and most ambitious legislative project (the so-called Build Back Better Act). While the Democrats [narrowly] lost their majority in the House in the 2022 midterms, they had a majority of the Senate all four years, and in 2021 were blocked from passing Build Back Better by members of their own party (Senators Manchin and Sinema from West Virginia and Arizona, respectively). In other words, not only do presidents often need bipartisan support to pass legislation, but they are also not even assured a blank check with their own parties.

I do not make my living projecting what Nvidia stock will do next and I certainly don’t make my living doing political prognostication. I stand by my earlier call on the presidential race—it is a 50/50 country and the odds for each candidate should be considered something in the range of 50/50. An argument can be made for why Kamala Harris has a certain momentum and the advantages that come with her opponent’s liabilities, but an argument can also be made that the electoral college gives Donald Trump an embedded edge, along with the challenges the incumbent party has around immigration and inflation. It is going to be a wild two months, and I do not mean that as a positive thing.

Historical Context

I will soon get to my analysis of what these particular candidates may or may not represent when it comes to economic outlook and market opportunity. But let’s first just understand why associating a market outlook with a partisan aspiration is so futile.

Here is a little secret: Markets have generally gone up under Republican presidents and markets have generally gone up under Democratic presidents, and the reason for that is… wait for it… markets just generally go up.

Put differently, the profit motive doesn’t take a nap when a new president is inaugurated, and American companies have a remarkable way of staying laser-focused on maximizing profits no matter who is in the Oval Office.

You are welcome to believe Herbert Hoover uniquely ushered in the Great Depression, or that George W. Bush particularly created the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. But what you basically see throughout 125 years of modern history is that the average drawdowns are similar under presidents from both parties, and the compounded annual growth rate is virtually identical. The narrative that has not worked is this:

My Republican friends: “President Obama is an enemy of markets and free enterprise and he is going to tank the economy for investors.” WRONG: The stock market was up eight out of eight years when he was president.

My Democrat friends: “President Trump is an enemy of norms and institutions, and his erratic ways are going to tank the economy for investors.” WRONG: The stock market was up 70% in his Presidency, despite the global COVID pandemic and shutdown.

These are the most recent examples of strong partisan angst being applied to expectations for markets, and markets having no interest in cooperating. But let’s dig a little deeper. Was President Reagan a good president for markets? I would argue so (remember my prior confession). Huge efforts at deregulation and marginal tax relief could not have hurt. There was surely some cause and effect. But were the 1980s likely to be a period of great growth in corporate profits, regardless? It’s certainly possible.

Was President Clinton a good president for markets? I would argue so (see, I am objective!). But was his presidency really the prime driver of the huge technology boom that ensued the second half of the 1990s? Of course not. Timing is everything, at least for how history remembers presidents.

Was President George W. Bush a disaster for markets? Well, the market actually went up +100% in the middle of his presidency (from Oct. 2002 through August 2007). But if you are bookended by a 40% drop at the beginning of your presidency and a 50% drop at the end (the dot-com crash to start and the Global Financial Crisis to end), it is going to be hard to see a strong result.

Was Barack Obama a good president for markets? On one hand, the market was up every year of his presidency; on the other hand, he took over at a generational bottom in the midst of a depression-type recession with a trough in earnings, and then an unprecedented era of monetary accommodation (an entire presidency with a 0% fed funds rate, and $4 trillion of quantitative easing!).

Your assessment of certain presidents may impact your opinions as to how they aided or hurt markets, but in almost every case there are objective arguments to be made for both. Timing matters. Circumstances matter. Luck matters. The Fed matters. And yes, presidential policy matters. But you know what doesn’t seem to matter? Party affiliation.

I don’t make up the facts; I just report them.

Policy Particulars

It would be easier to assess the implications of a presidential election on markets if one candidate said, “I want to reduce marginal tax rates a great deal across the board,” and the other said, “I want to raise all marginal tax rates a great deal across the board.” The tax policy difference between Ronald Reagan and Walter Mondale was clear, and tax policy matters to investors.

Likewise, the tax bill that passed in late 2017 (effective for 2018) contained a lot of bells and whistles investors predictably loved. From significantly lower corporate income tax rates to repatriation of foreign profits to a doubling of the estate tax exclusion amount to opportunity zones, there were plenty of components that investors naturally appreciated.

The 2018 market volatility, though, centered around the uncertainty of Fed policy (not under the president’s control) and the uncertainty of Trump’s tariff/China policies. If all we know is that one candidate wanted somewhat lower tax rates and the other didn’t, we don’t really know enough to know the expected market impact. First of all, the political realism of the policies matters (which is why markets never respond to crazy, onerous tax ideas like taxing unrealized gains—because the market rightly believes it is just politicians blowing air). Further, there is more to an economic agenda than just tax policy. I would argue that much of the favorable market conditions in President Trump’s term were more about deregulation than improved corporate tax rates. Energy policy matters. Trade policy matters. Personnel matters. There is a lot to an economic policy portfolio.

And this leads me to my underlying point about how investors ought to discount the two presidential possibilities we now face: How does one discount what they do not know? Thus far Kamala Harris has stated that her economic agenda is to give the FTC the ability to implement price controls on grocery stores (good luck with that), to give first-time home buyers $25,000 to help with their down payment, to implement a $6,000 child tax credit, and to stop taxing tips on service workers. Donald Trump said each of the latter two points before she did and has also said he will “make it the greatest economy you have ever seen.” And I will not lie—the “greatest economy we have ever seen” sounds like a good deal to me, but I am not totally sure how he plans to do that.

Trump has talked about high tariffs on imported goods, but also talked about only threatening to do so as a bargaining chip. He has not said much about tax rates at all. He has generally alluded to deregulation but has not been forthcoming on where he would deregulate. It is reasonable to believe he would be pushing for more energy approvals (drilling, pipelines, projects, etc.). But really, neither candidate is being specific on their policy ideas.

The Elephant in the Room

From tax policy to regulation to energy, the contrast between the two candidates is stark. Contrasts are easy to draw, even if the magnitude of impact is not.

However, the one area where it is safe to assume things will not get immediately better with either candidate is government spending and the government debt that supports the spending.

The national debt was $19 trillion when former President Trump took office, and it was $28 trillion when he left office. Vice President Harris has seen it increase another $7 trillion. Peace time, war time, good economy, bad economy, health scare, no health scare—it is the most bipartisan thing in America: Government spending keeps growing.

As John has documented, from entitlement spending to debt-to-GDP ratios to absolute levels of debt, we have unsustainable dynamics that are screaming for solutions. Some solutions exist, but none that are pain-free. Regardless, no such solutions are on the ballot in 2024. No one is running on Social Security solvency. No one is running on a balanced budget. No one is running on fiscal sanity.

This speaks to the reality of this election: There are some differences on various policy categories that matter (tax, regulation, trade, energy) if you assume certain things about both candidates; but when it comes to the most significant economic issue of our generation—the government debt level—there is nothing encouraging on the table.

Conclusion

I have gone on longer than I intended to so I will hold for a future Dividend Café additional commentary on health care, drug pricing, the impact of tariffs, and expectations around personnel (i.e., new Fed governors, anyone?).

My closing caution to you is to not settle for superficial analysis. I use as an example the following: I have said in this paper that Trump was a solid pro-energy president; energy was the worst-performing sector in his administration. He spent much of his time in office fighting with big tech; technology was the best-performing sector during his term in office.

Conversely, President Biden declared war on energy upon coming into office, cancelling the Keystone Pipeline, denying new permits on federal land, and eventually halting new opportunities for LNG export. Yet energy has been the best-performing sector during his term in office.

This is more than just anecdotal trivia. Markets and politics mix a lot less than we think, and they mix a lot differently than we expect. When you take an election cycle as crazy as this one has already been, add in the lack of policy specificity, consider the high likelihood of some form of divided government next year, and the low correlation between apparent policy biases and market reality, this election is not yet actionable when it comes to one’s portfolio positioning.

This can all change. More will be revealed in the weeks and months to come. The Fed is set to begin cutting rates. We will get more economic data. And when all is said and done, a country with over a 100% debt-to-GDP ratio is going to be there.

I think I’m writing in “dividend growth” on my ballot.

Dallas and Birthdays

John here again. Thank you to David Bahnsen for this illuminating take. You should sign up for his free Dividend Café letters. As you read this, I hope I am catching something larger than the smallish 15-pound salmon in the picture below. The fishing was slow the first day, but then again, the three of us had a fabulous conversation without being interrupted by fish.

I will be in Dallas for a few intense days in the middle of September meeting with Mike Roizen and our team as we finalize the launch of our new longevity business project. Then back to Dorado Beach preparing for my 75th birthday with a lot of family and some friends.

I have not really touched my book for the last two weeks, but starting Tuesday I will be in an intense sprint to finish it by October 3, except for 4–5 pages that I will write immediately after the election. Like David, no matter who wins, I think we are on a path for significantly increased debt and moving closer to that final crisis, where the bond market literally throws a tantrum, and we see a global crisis as the world’s reserve currency struggles.

Let me make a prediction: The 2028 election will finally talk about deficits and debts, but absent a true crisis, there will be no real substance beyond vague proposals to tax the rich or cut spending. Concrete choices will be too painful. Sadly, in 2028 we will all agree that deficits and the ever-increasing debt is really, really, really bad but we won’t agree on solutions, as a true solution will involve compromise. Sigh.

But life will go on, we will Muddle Through, perhaps with a few more bruises, and once the crisis is resolved to the bond market’s satisfaction, the future will be better than ever. The trick for us who are a little bit older is to make sure that we get through that period to enjoy those future halcyon days.

With that, it is time to hit the send button. I hope you can spend your weekend and Labor Day with family, friends, and great conversations like I am. Have a great week!

Your wondering how I got to be 75 years old analyst,

John Mauldin

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