One of the last remaining bright spots for Chinese consumption is rapidly fading, as the nation’s economic malaise takes a toll on demand for even the most accessible of goods.
In the latest warning to global markets on the health of the Chinese economy, Temu-owner PDD Holdings Inc. on Monday surprised investors with an unusually gloomy outlook. The e-commerce firm, which became a market darling with low-priced goods that helped propel business during China’s economic downturn, also reported revenue that missed estimates. During a post-earnings briefing, CEO Chen Lei mentioned at least eight times that revenue and profits must “inevitably” decline as economic growth slows.
“We are seeing many new challenges ahead, from changing consumer demand, intensifying competition, and uncertainties in global environment,” Chen, also one of PDD’s earliest employees, told analysts.
The CEO and his lieutenants were careful to stress they remained confident in Chinese consumption over the longer term — a big priority for Beijing in rebalancing the world’s No. 2 economy. But the damage was done. PDD’s shares plunged 29% in their biggest fall on record, wiping out $55 billion of market value. Its closest rivals Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. and JD.com Inc. followed suit, sliding about 4% in Hong Kong.
PDD’s warning stunned investors because the company was long viewed as the main beneficiary of a Chinese “consumer downgrade” — its low-pricing strategy on Pinduoduo domestically and Temu abroad was intended to appeal to cost-conscious shoppers at a time of unprecedented economic volatility.
The disappointing results were the latest in a series of red flags about the Chinese economy. On Tuesday, China’s biggest bottled water producer Nongfu Spring Co. reported the slowest half-year profit growth since its listing in 2020, while popular fast food chain Din Tai Fung — long one of the most popular restaurant brands across the country — revealed this week it was shutting more than a dozen outlets.
Last month, Starbucks Corp. disclosed a 14% drop in Chinese revenue in the June quarter.
“The big issue is weakness in China consumer,” said Joshua Crabb, head of Asia Pacific equities at Robeco Hong Kong Ltd. “The read-across for competition and a weak consumer will be negative for sure.”
While Starbucks and Din Tai Fung have long wrestled with volatile sentiment, PDD’s warnings were especially surprising given it encapsulated for years how cash-strapped Chinese consumers spurned luxury brands for lower-end alternatives.
Founded by ex-Google engineer Colin Huang in 2014, the company in past years has combined low prices with aggressive rural expansion and game-like elements on its platform to grab market share from Alibaba and JD. It parlayed that formula into the global e-commerce bargains app Temu, which it launched during the Super Bowl in 2023. It’s become a shopping phenom akin to Shein, becoming for a time one of the most downloaded US apps.
That drove a remarkable six-fold gain in PDD’s market value from the post-Covid troughs of 2022, crowning Huang China’s richest person this month. But he held the mantle for just 18 days, till Monday’s selloff.
China’s less affluent consumers outside of glitzy mega cities drove much of PDD’s success. They’re now a big source of uncertainty.
CHINA INSIGHT: PDD’s Dive Shows E-Commerce Limits to Consumption
Consumption, a main driver of the economy, weakened this year after a rebound in post-Covid reopening spending last year. Against the backdrop of widespread job and salary cuts as well as plunging property prices, Chinese consumers have turned more cautious with their spending, spurring price wars in sectors such as cars.
“Chinese e-commerce companies have run into a problem that even fierce price cutting won’t solve anymore — a weak consumer,” Bloomberg Economics’ Chang Shu and Eric Zhu wrote. “From a macroeconomic perspective, the plunge in PDD shares makes an emphatic point — slowing income gains and damaged confidence are depressing consumption.”
Retail sales expanded just a little over 3% in the first seven months of 2024, far worse than the 8%-plus growth recorded in pre-pandemic times. Residents’ confidence in future income plunged to the worst level since the end of 2022, one of the most intense periods of Covid lockdowns, according to a central bank survey conducted in the second quarter.
Almost half of the residents polled said employment is “grim and difficult,” the highest proportion since the end of 2022. And nearly two-thirds of those surveyed said they’re willing to save more, hovering near an all-time high recorded last year.
Lei signaled that there was a fundamental shift in consumer behavior, a move away from the bargain-basement products that have turbocharged revenue since its founding.
“Consumers are making more thoughtful decisions to balance quality and value,” he said on the earnings call. “In response, we have collaborated with high-quality brands and manufacturers to create customized products that cater to these diverse demands.”
For some investors, PDD executives were merely trying to contain expectations run amok. After all, it may be unreasonable to expect the company to keep logging 50%-plus growth, as it’s done in all but one quarter on record. Wall Street was betting on PDD to almost double revenue during the June quarter. Instead, it rose 86%. On Monday, executives said they will make big investments to capitalize on future opportunities.
“PDD is showing that reality will always reassert itself,” said Brock Silvers, managing director at private equity firm Kaiyuan Capital. “In the current environment, the most prudent course of action is to suffer no surprises. Better to announce bad news in advance than to risk being blamed for an even greater meltdown post hoc.”
What Bloomberg Intelligence Says
PDD’s indication on Aug. 26 of lower profitability as the company boosts spending to tackle increased global competition suggests downside to 2H earnings consensus, which was projecting higher margins into 2025. This, along with PDD’s first revenue miss in 10 quarters for the three months ended June, looks set to dampen the growth outlook for the next 12 months.
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- Catherine Lim and Trini Tan, analysts
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In the long run, much depends on the job market, and how Beijing steers the economy.
Authorities have sought to ensure there are enough jobs even as the economy slowed, calling on state-owned enterprises to expand recruitment and vocational training.
But officials stopped short of providing more direct help to consumers, though many economists have called for a cash subsidy or consumption voucher for at least the low-income groups. They have also refrained from taking measures to support wage growth, which is essential to encourage more spending. Regulatory crackdowns in a number of industries ranging from private tutoring to finance over the past few years have also worsened the job market.
For now, many investors are still counting on PDD to at least outshine its peers in a turbulent economy.
PDD’s result “implies weak consumption and intense competition. However, management’s comments on declining long-term profitability are too conservative, in our view,” Morgan Stanley analysts Eddy Wang and Kathy Zhu wrote.“We believe PDD is the only Chinese e-commerce player that will outperform industry growth.”
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